Nausea and Vomiting related to Pregnancy

Nausea and Vomiting related to Pregnancy

Vomiting   December 02, 2015

Although the cause is unknown, nausea and vomiting during pregnancy related to changes in the hormonal levels in the body of a pregnant woman. When a pregnant woman, there will be increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which is derived from the placenta. This hormone serves to maintain adequate production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone from ovaries, resulting in pregnancy to be healthy.

In addition, the effect of this hormone is thought to cause nausea and vomiting in the first three months of pregnancy (first trimester) and will fall back after the fourth month. Therefore, nausea and vomiting usually goes away by itself after entering the fourth month. Besides HCG, the hormone estrogen is considered also cause nausea and vomiting in pregnant women.

Signs and symptoms

Level 1 (mild)

• Nausea and vomiting constantly affecting the general condition.
• Feeling weak.
• No appetite.
• Body weight decreased.
• Feel pain in the epigastric.
• Pulse increased by about 100 per minute.
• Decreased blood pressure.
• Reduced skin turgor.
• Tongue dries.
• Sunken eyes.

Level 2 (moderate)

• Looks weaker and apathetic.
• Skin turgor started ugly.
• Tongue dry and looked dirty.
• Pulse small and quick.
• Body temperature rises (dehydration).
• Eyes began to jaundice.
• Weight down and sunken eyes.
• Drop in blood pressure, hemoconcentration, oliguria and constipation.
• Acetone smell of respiration and occurs acetonuria.

Level III (severe)

• General condition is more severe (decreased consciousness from somnolence to coma).
• Severe dehydration.
• Pulse small, fast and smooth.
• Increased body temperature and blood pressure drop.
• Fatal complications occur in the nervous system known as Wernicke encephalopathy with symptoms of nystagmus, diplopia and mental decline.
• Jaundice which indicate heart trouble.

Prevention

Avoiding strong-smelling food, cigarette smoke or perfume smelling that can trigger nausea and vomiting.
Some dietary supplements may help reduce nausea and vomiting as a drink ginger or vitamin B6.
Eat a desired food when the body is able to receive it.
Do not lie down immediately after eating, should sit upright for a while to avoid bloating or nausea.
Avoid lots of drinking at meals, wait 30 minutes after eating a new drinking water. Outside of mealtime, are expected to drink more.
Eat small meals but frequently (every 2-3 hours) to prevent nausea without risk of malnutrition.
A diet that is complete and balanced.
Enough rest.
Consultation obstetrician if nausea and vomiting continues.

Activity Intolerance related to Anemia

Activity Intolerance related to Anemia

Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions   November 22, 2015

Anemia is a term that indicates a low red blood cell and hemoglobin level, and hematocrit below the normal. Anemia is not a disease, but rather a reflection of the state of a disease or disorder of the body functions. Physiologically anemia occurs when there is a shortage of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues.
(Brunner & Suddarth, 2001)

This oxygen will be used to burn sugars and fats into energy. This may explain why anemia can cause symptoms of weakness and lethargy are not uncommon. Lungs and heart were also forced to work harder to get oxygen from the blood that causes shortness of breath.

Symptoms of anemia :

• Weakness, lethargy, dizziness, irritability, or trouble concentrating.
• Especially in the pale gums and eyelids or under the nails.
• Heart palpitations shortness of breath.
• Thrush of the mouth or tongue, welts or unusual bleeding.
• Numbness or tingling in the legs.
• Nausea and diarrhea.

Activity intolerance related to imbalance between the oxygen supply (delivery) and needs.

Goal: to maintain / improve ambulation / activity.

Expected outcomes:

• Reported increased exercise tolerance (including activities of daily living).
• Showed a decrease in the physiological signs of intolerance, such as pulse, respiration, and blood pressure is still within normal range.

Interventions:

• Assess the patient's ability to ADL.
• Assess lost or impaired balance, gait and muscle weakness.
• Observation of vital signs before and after the activity.
• Provide quiet environment, limit visitors, and reduce noise, keep bedrest when indicated.
• Use energy-saving techniques, advise patients to rest, in case of fatigue and weakness, advise patients to do his best activity (without imposing themselves).

Rationale:

• Affect the choice of intervention / assistance.
• Show neurological changes due to vitamin B12 deficiency affects patient safety / risk of injury.
• Cardiopulmonary manifestations of heart and lung efforts to bring an adequate amount of oxygen to the tissues.
• Increase rest to lower the oxygen needs of the body and lowers the strain the heart and lungs.
• Increase activity gradually, until normal and improve muscle tone / stamina without drawbacks. Boost self-esteem and sense of control.

Acute Pain and Hyperthermia related to Pharyngitis in Children

Acute Pain and Hyperthermia related to Pharyngitis in Children

Nursing   November 18, 2015

Acute pharyngitis is sore throat caused by a virus organism almost 70% and a group A streptococcal bacteria is a common organism with respect to acute pharyngitis were then referred to as "Strep Throat" (Brunner & Suddarth, 2001)

Chronic pharyngitis usually occurs in adult individuals who work / live in a dusty environment, use of excessive sound, suffer from chronic cough, habitual use of alcohol and tobacco.

There are 3 types of pharyngitis:

1. Hypertrophic (thickening of the common and congested mucous membrane of the pharynx).
2. Atrophic (the later stages of the first type: a thin membrane, whitish, smooth and wrinkled time).
3. Chronic granular (swelling of lymph follicles in the walls of the pharynx).

Acute Pain related to inflammation of the pharynx

Goal: expected, decrease pain

Expected outcomes: Children say:

• That pain is reduced.
• Adequate sleep and rest.
• Being able to use non-pharmacological methods to relieve pain.

Interventions:

• Perform a comprehensive pain assessment, including the location, characteristics, duration, frequency, quality factor and precipitation.
• Teach about non-pharmacological techniques (such as deep breath).
• Collaboration: Giving analgesics to reduce pain.
• Increase rest-sleep.

Rationale:

• Knowing the level of pain including the location, characteristics, duration, frequency, quality factor and precipitation.
• Deep breathing is one of relaxation to reduce tension and create a more comfortable feeling.
• Useful analgesic to relieve pain so that patients become more comfortable.
• Rest can relax so as to reduce the pain.

Hyperthermia related to inflammation of the pharynx.

Goal: expected normal body temperature.

Expected outcomes:

• Normal skin temperature.
• Body temperature.

Interventions:

• Assess body temperature every two hours.
• Encourage fluid intake and adequate nutrition.
• Give a warm compress for example in the armpit.
• Collaboration: Give antipyretic drugs.

Rationale:

• Knowing your child's temperature.
• Intake of fluids and nutrients can help speed the process of spending the body heat.
• Warm compresses can open the pores of the skin so as to accelerate the process of evaporation.
• Antipyretic drugs can help reduce the heat.

Risk Factors That May Affect the Occurrence of Malaria

Risk Factors That May Affect the Occurrence of Malaria

Risk Factors That May Affect the Occurrence of Malaria   November 16, 2015

Malaria is a disease caused by parasites. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes that have been infected by the parasite. Malaria can even be fatal if not treated properly.

Malaria infection can occur simply by a mosquito bite. Malaria is rarely spread directly from one person to another. Examples of conditions of transmission of this disease is in contact with the blood of the patient or fetus can be infected because of contracting out of the mother's blood.


Risk Factors That May Affect the Occurrence of Malaria :

1. Behavior
The behavior in question is the behavior of a person's life in an attempt to protect themselves from mosquito bites and keep clean sanitary environment in which he lived so that there is no possibility of the vector causing malaria to flourish.

2. Lighting
A healthy home requires sufficient light. Sunlight is very important because it can prevent the breeding of mosquitoes in the house. Therefore, the house must have enough driveway light such as windows and ventilation. Windows and vents have many functions such as to keep the flow of air inside the house to stay healthy, maintain the balance of oxygen and keep the humidity in the house.

3. Water temperature
Air temperature greatly affect the length - short of sporogonic cycle or extrinsic incubation period. The higher the temperature, the shorter the extrinsic incubation period and conversely the lower the temperature, the higher the extrinsic cycle.

4. Season
There is a direct relationship between the seasons and the development of the anopheles mosquito larvae into the adult form. Anopheles mosquito will grow faster during the rainy season especially in heavy rain with the number of rainy days are quite long, because it will affect where the anopheles mosquitoes or breeding.

5. Wind
The wind speed at the time of sunrise and sunset which is when flying into or out of the house is one of the factors that will determine the amount of contact between humans and mosquitoes.

6. Sewerage
Sewerage can also affect the occurrence of malaria, where sewerage is not addressed by either the state of sanitation and the flow of the waste is stagnant or not because the anopheles mosquitoes like the place where the water is static or flowing slightly as we know that the waste water that is not treated with either will cause various health problems of society and the natural environment or the transmission of them become breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Nutrition for Wound Healing

Nutrition for Wound Healing

Nutrition for Wound Healing   November 16, 2015

Nutrition is a food that contains enough nutrients and energy value for the development and maintenance of optimal health.

Reason nutrients needed for the wound healing process
In the state of the wound, then, interrupted wholeness of body tissues and require sufficient nutrients to be able to repair the body's tissues are damaged.

Type of food that should be considered for wound healing
Among the foods that contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water, then the most important for wound healing is a protein and vitamin C.

The reason: Protein and vitamin C very important role in the wound healing process. In addition, vitamin C has an important role to prevent infection and bleeding wounds.

Examples of foods that need to be considered for wound healing:

• Protein is divided into, vegetable and animal. Examples of vegetable such as tempe, tofu, nuts etc. Examples of animal protein, liver, eggs, chicken, shrimp, etc.
• Vitamin C include: nuts, citrus, guava, papaya leaves, spinach, tomatoes.

Definition, Signs and symptoms of Hallucinations

Definition, Signs and symptoms of Hallucinations

Health   November 16, 2015

Definition

Hallucinations are a response (perception) senses without stimulation from the outside (external)


Classification

Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality:

• visual,
• auditory,
• olfactory,
• gustatory,
• tactile,
• proprioceptive,
• equilibrioception,
• nociceptive,
• thermoreceptive, and
• chronoception.

Signs and symptoms

• Pulling away, avoid others.
• Easily offended.
• Smile, speak for themselves.
• Anxiety, fear, face tense.
• Talks chaotic, sometimes unreasonable.
• Suspicion and hostility.
• Self-blame / others.
• Can be self-destructive, others and the environment.
• Unable to distinguish between the real and unreal.
• Unable to focus attention / concentration.
• Difficult to make a decision.
• Fear.
• Red face sometimes pale.
• Unwilling or unable to perform self care such as bathing, brushing teeth, dressing.

Gastritis - 5 Additional Tests to Determine a Clear Cause

Gastritis - 5 Additional Tests to Determine a Clear Cause

Health   November 10, 2015

When a patient is diagnosed with gastritis, usually followed by additional tests to determine a clear cause. The tests includes:

1. Blood tests.
This test is used to check for the presence of H. pylori antibodies in the blood. A positive test indicates that the patient has been in contact with the bacteria at some time in their lives, but it does not indicate that the patient is infected. Blood tests may also be done to check for anemia, which occurs due to gastric bleeding due to gastritis.

2. Breathing tests.
This test can determine whether a patient is infected by the bacteria H. pylori or not.

3. Feces Test.
This test checks whether there is H. pylori in the feces or not. A positive result could indicate infection. Test conducted for the presence of blood in the stool. It showed bleeding in the stomach.

4. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
With this test can look for abnormalities in the upper gastrointestinal tract which may not be visible on X-rays. This test is done by inserting a small flexible hose (endoscope) through the mouth and into the esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine. Throat advance in anesthesia before the endoscope is inserted to ensure patients feel comfortable undergoing this test. If any tissue in the gastrointestinal tract looks suspicious, the doctor will remove a small sample (biopsy) of the tissue. The samples will then be taken to the laboratory for examination. This test takes approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Patients usually do not go home when the test is completed, but had to wait until the effects of anesthesia disappear, approximately one or two hours. Virtually no risk as a result of this test. Frequent complication is the discomfort of the throat from swallowing the endoscope.


5. X-rays of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
This test will look for signs of gastritis or other gastrointestinal diseases. Usually it will be asked to swallow a liquid barium X-ray done before. This liquid will coat the gastrointestinal tract and be seen more clearly when in the X-ray.