Altered Nutrition related to Nausea and Vomiting

Altered Nutrition related to Nausea and Vomiting

Vomiting   December 02, 2015

Alteration Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to Nausea and Vomiting

Nutrients are substances in food that are needed for the organism to grow and develop properly in accordance with its function.

Nutrients in adequate amounts and in accordance with the need for providing energy for the body to be able to grow and develop, and repair damaged tissue. Nutritional deficiencies will make the body of the organism does not grow and develop, it can even cause disease to end in death. Disruption of the body's metabolic processes are early symptoms of nutritional deficiencies.

Definition of nutrition, according to some experts is as follows:

• Nutrition is the process of taking important nutrients. (Nuwer, 2008).
• Nutrients are organic substances required by the organism for normal functioning of the body systems, growth and maintenance of health. (Wikipedia).

After knowing the definition of nutrients, there are several types of nutrients that it needs to be absorbed by us every day. Such as carbohydrates, this is a kind of nutritional composition consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. This type of substance found in rice, corn, wheat, tubers. There are fat as the types of nutrients that are needed by our bodies, fat acts as an energy source that is compacted. There is a protein that is an important constituent of all cells in the body. Vitamin is also a means of nutrition is no less important to regulate the body's metabolism. Meneral and water is also a kind of important nutrients for the body.

Understanding of nutrition is not just limited to the nutritionists or health researchers only. However, this definition also extends in particular to the health of the world. Nutrition for health is a kind of critical intake found in foods often consumed by us. Contains vital substances such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and others. Knowledge of the nutrients it needs to be recognized as a regulator of eating patterns. The nutritional requirements for the human body is certainly very important as supporting a variety of activities and health. The nutrients needed by the body also had higher levels of clear and useful to the body. There are several types of foods that actually do not really have a clear nutritional. It would be very concerned if we always vulnerable consumption in a long time. After all essential nutrients is a necessity that should not be missed. Nutrition serves to keep your metabolism in the body because there is a substance in nutrients and important things to be absorbed. The function of internal organs of the body will also be maintained if the fulfillment of these nutrients stable and clear presence.

Nausea and vomiting is a symptom that is frequently encountered. Nausea is an uncomfortable sensation in the upper abdomen that creates a feeling like vomiting. While vomiting is the release of stomach contents through the mouth.

Nausea and vomiting are symptoms. Therefore, nausea and vomiting caused by various medical conditions (diseases) of the underlying. Knowing the causes of nausea and vomiting are very important for the management of nausea or vomiting appropriately.

Medical condition or disease causes nausea and vomiting, among others:

• Motion sickness.
• Young pregnant (nausea occurring in approximately 50% -90% of all pregnancies, vomiting in 25% -55%).
• Originator drug vomiting.
• Taste very pain.
• Emotional stress (such as fear).
• Excessive eating (satiety).
• Gallbladder disease, for example gallstones.
• Food poisoning.
• Viral infection of the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea).
• Reaction to the odor or a particular smell.
• Sore throat (kids).
• Heart attack.
• Concussion or brain injury.
• Brain tumor.
• Gastric ulcer.
• Some forms of cancer.
• Bulimia or other psychological illnesses.
• Gastroparesis or slow emptying of the stomach (a condition that is often seen in people with diabetes).
• Swallowing poison or drink alcohol excessively.

Causes of vomiting may differ according to age.
Vomiting in children is most often caused by a viral infection, food poisoning, milk allergy, motion sickness, overeating, coughing, or intestinal blockage, and a disease in which the child has a high fever.

Time of nausea or vomiting may indicate the cause. When it comes shortly after a meal, nausea or vomiting may be caused by food poisoning, gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach), gastritis, or bulimia.

Nausea or vomiting 1-8 hours after a meal may also indicate food poisoning. However, foods containing certain bacteria, such as salmonella (the cause of typhoid fever), it could take longer, causing the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Continuous vomiting can cause a dangerous condition that is dehydration, especially vomiting in infants and children. Moreover, they have not been able to say what they are feeling. Therefore, parents should know the signs of dehydration in children.

Here is how to overcome the nausea and vomiting in general regardless of age and cause:

• Drink plenty of water gradually (a little but often).
• Avoiding solid food until the vomiting episode has passed.
• Stop all medications (which can irritate the stomach and make vomiting worsened). But, do not discontinue any medication before consulting a doctor.
• If there is vomiting and diarrhea lasting more than 24 hours, oral rehydration solution such as ORS should be used to prevent and treat dehydration.
• Pregnant women who experience morning sickness can eat some crackers before getting out of bed or eating a high-protein snack before bed (meat or cheese).
• Vomiting associated with cancer treatment (chemotherapy) can often be treated with other types of drug therapy. There are also prescription and non-prescription medications that can be used to control vomiting associated with pregnancy and motion sickness. However, you should consult a physician before using these drugs.

You should seek emergency medical care, if vomiting is accompanied by:

• There was blood in the vomit (bright red or black "coffee grounds").
• Severe headache or stiff neck, fear the occurrence of meningitis.
• Weak lethargy, confusion, or decreased consciousness.
• Severe abdominal pain.
• Fever higher than 38.5 C.
• Diarrhea.
• Frequency of breath and very rapid and weak pulse.

Nausea and Vomiting related to Pregnancy

Nausea and Vomiting related to Pregnancy

Vomiting   December 02, 2015

Although the cause is unknown, nausea and vomiting during pregnancy related to changes in the hormonal levels in the body of a pregnant woman. When a pregnant woman, there will be increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which is derived from the placenta. This hormone serves to maintain adequate production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone from ovaries, resulting in pregnancy to be healthy.

In addition, the effect of this hormone is thought to cause nausea and vomiting in the first three months of pregnancy (first trimester) and will fall back after the fourth month. Therefore, nausea and vomiting usually goes away by itself after entering the fourth month. Besides HCG, the hormone estrogen is considered also cause nausea and vomiting in pregnant women.

Signs and symptoms

Level 1 (mild)

• Nausea and vomiting constantly affecting the general condition.
• Feeling weak.
• No appetite.
• Body weight decreased.
• Feel pain in the epigastric.
• Pulse increased by about 100 per minute.
• Decreased blood pressure.
• Reduced skin turgor.
• Tongue dries.
• Sunken eyes.

Level 2 (moderate)

• Looks weaker and apathetic.
• Skin turgor started ugly.
• Tongue dry and looked dirty.
• Pulse small and quick.
• Body temperature rises (dehydration).
• Eyes began to jaundice.
• Weight down and sunken eyes.
• Drop in blood pressure, hemoconcentration, oliguria and constipation.
• Acetone smell of respiration and occurs acetonuria.

Level III (severe)

• General condition is more severe (decreased consciousness from somnolence to coma).
• Severe dehydration.
• Pulse small, fast and smooth.
• Increased body temperature and blood pressure drop.
• Fatal complications occur in the nervous system known as Wernicke encephalopathy with symptoms of nystagmus, diplopia and mental decline.
• Jaundice which indicate heart trouble.

Prevention

Avoiding strong-smelling food, cigarette smoke or perfume smelling that can trigger nausea and vomiting.
Some dietary supplements may help reduce nausea and vomiting as a drink ginger or vitamin B6.
Eat a desired food when the body is able to receive it.
Do not lie down immediately after eating, should sit upright for a while to avoid bloating or nausea.
Avoid lots of drinking at meals, wait 30 minutes after eating a new drinking water. Outside of mealtime, are expected to drink more.
Eat small meals but frequently (every 2-3 hours) to prevent nausea without risk of malnutrition.
A diet that is complete and balanced.
Enough rest.
Consultation obstetrician if nausea and vomiting continues.

Nursing Diagnosis for Vomiting - Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit

Nursing Diagnosis for Vomiting - Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit

Vomiting   October 10, 2013

Vomiting is defined as the discharge of the contents of the stomach up into the mouth by force. Vomiting can be an attempt removing toxins from the gastrointestinal tract such as diarrhea, lower gastrointestinal tract.

Vomiting can be caused by many things such as the following:

• Congenital abnormalities
• Infection of the digestive tract
• Feeding the wrong way
• Poisoned

Complications of vomiting are as follows :

• Dehydration or alkalosis, due to loss of body fluid / electrolyte
• Ketosis from not eating and drinking
• Acidosis caused a sustained ketosis can be a shock even to seizures
• Abdominal muscle tension, conjunctival hemorrhage, esophageal rupture, aspirations, caused by severe vomiting.

Persistent vomiting can lead to complications of dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, rips Mallory Wiess, aspiration of gastric fluid.


Nursing Diagnosis for Vomiting

Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit related to the feeling of nausea and vomiting

Goal: Maintain the balance of fluid volume.

Outcomes: The client does not nausea and vomiting.

Intervention:
1. Monitor vital signs.
Rationale: An early indicator of hypovolemia.

2. Monitor intake and output and urine concentration.
Rationale: Decreased urine output and concentration will improve the sensitivity / sediment as one impression of dehydration and require increased fluids.

3. Give fluid little by little but often.
Rationale: To minimize the loss of fluids.

4. The risk of infection associated with an inadequate immune, characterized by: body temperature above normal. Increased respiratory rate.

14 Causes and 6 Treatment of Vomiting

14 Causes and 6 Treatment of Vomiting

Vomiting   September 20, 2013

Vomiting is a symptom not a disease. Symptoms of this form of discharge of the contents of the stomach and intestines through the mouth by force or by force. Vomiting is a protective reflex against the body because it can serve accidentally ingested toxins. In addition, an attempt vomiting removing toxins from the body and can reduce the pressure caused by the blockage or enlargement of the organ that puts pressure on the digestive tract. In general, vomiting consists of three phases, namely nausea, retching or vomiting early to maneuver, and regurgitation of gastric contents or expenses, intestine into the mouth.

Note: The cause of frequent (No. 1-2) and rarely causes (no. 3-15)

1. Virus infection and acute gastroenteritis.

The most common cause is a viral infection include acute gastroenteristis usually by viruses, particularly rotavirus. Infectious diarrhea in children is most often caused by rotavirus infection. Diarrhea due to rotavirus infection is often termed diarrhea or vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms of rotavirus or other viral infections such as mild fever, start vomiting frequently, severe diarrhea, or abdominal pain and. Vomiting and diarrhea are the main symptoms of rotavirus infection and can last for 3-7 days. Rotavirus infection can be accompanied by other symptoms of child loss of appetite, and signs of dehydration. Rotavirus infection can cause mild and severe dehydration, and even death. Rotavirus virus infection is not usually found only complaint followed by vomiting without diarrhea often great.

2. People with allergies and gastrointestinal hypersensitivity.

In children with allergies especially with gastrooesephageal reflux. In these patients, usually complaint vomit or spit up frequently when aged under the age of 6-12 months. After age was gradually reduced, and complaints will improve palaing long after the age of 5-7 years. In general, the age of 3-6 months of vomiting only 2-5 times per day and it improves with age. Attack would be severe disruption vomiting during acute respiratory tract infection or other viral infections. Complaints viral infection usually accompanied by complaints of fever, body warmer, body aches, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, cough or runny nose. Food in patients with food allergy can cause vomiting but only lighter and in a few moments will be reduced. Allergy sufferers with GER is usually accompanied by an allergic skin, nose and respiratory tract.

3. Pyloric stenosis

This is a disorder that occurs in infants be constriction at the end of the hole right food out into the small intestine. As a result of the narrowing, only a small amount of food can get into the intestine, the rest will be spewed out so that the child lost weight. This condition usually causes "projectile vomiting" is very strong and is an indication for urgent surgery.

4. Bowel obstruction (blockage in the gastrointestinal tract)

5. Too much to eat

6. Peritonitis (inflammation of the stomach lining that wraps around the organs of the abdomen and the abdominal cavity limit)

7. Ileus (temporary cessation of normal contractions of the intestinal wall)

8. Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gall bladder), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), appendicitis, hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)

9 . food poisoning

10 . Sensory systems and the brain

Cause of the sensory systems include motion , motion sickness ( which is caused by overstimulation of the labyrinth ear canals ) , and Ménière's disease ( disorder that affects the inner ear ) . Causes including brain , concussion , brain hemorrhage , migraine , brain tumor , which can cause damage chemoreceptors and benign intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus .

11 . metabolic disorders

This may interfere with both the stomach and the parts of the brain that coordinate vomiting , hypercalcemia ( high calcium levels ) , uremia ( urea accumulation , usually due to renal failure ) , adrenal insufficiency , hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia .

12 . Hyperemesis ( excessive nausea during pregnancy ) , morning sickness .

13 . drug reactions

Vomiting may occur as an acute somatic response , the effects of alcohol , opioids , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . Many chemotherapy drugs and some entheogen ( such as peyote or ayahuasca ) cause vomiting .

14 Diseases caused by norwalk virus , swine flu and other infectious diseases .


Management

1. Giving fluids (drink) to replace the lost fluids and prevent dehydration.

2. Place the child in the prone or inclined (tilted to the left or to the right) to avoid vomit the contents into the airway.

3. Watch for signs of dehydration. Dehydration is a state body hydrated. Dehydration can occur if the child is vomiting continuously. Severe dehydration can be life threatening.

4. Still give fluids. Fluid administration (drinking) is very important to prevent dehydration child. If the child refuses, still persuaded the child to drink. For baby, if you are still breastfeeding, give breast milk. Your doctor may add a liquid electrolyte. If you get baby formula, your doctor may temporarily replace formula with ORS during the first 12-24 hours, or recommend to give the formula 2 times more dilute than the usual formula given.

5. Diet modification. Avoid feeding dense, fibrous and tough and fatty foods because these foods are relatively much longer to digest and can induce vomiting.

6. When excessive vomiting or exceed 5 times a day should be fasted while vomiting while taking medication. After 1 hour of new should sip but often.