Nutrition for Wound Healing

Nutrition for Wound Healing

Nutrition for Wound Healing   November 16, 2015

Nutrition is a food that contains enough nutrients and energy value for the development and maintenance of optimal health.

Reason nutrients needed for the wound healing process
In the state of the wound, then, interrupted wholeness of body tissues and require sufficient nutrients to be able to repair the body's tissues are damaged.

Type of food that should be considered for wound healing
Among the foods that contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water, then the most important for wound healing is a protein and vitamin C.

The reason: Protein and vitamin C very important role in the wound healing process. In addition, vitamin C has an important role to prevent infection and bleeding wounds.

Examples of foods that need to be considered for wound healing:

• Protein is divided into, vegetable and animal. Examples of vegetable such as tempe, tofu, nuts etc. Examples of animal protein, liver, eggs, chicken, shrimp, etc.
• Vitamin C include: nuts, citrus, guava, papaya leaves, spinach, tomatoes.

Definition, Signs and symptoms of Hallucinations

Definition, Signs and symptoms of Hallucinations

Health   November 16, 2015

Definition

Hallucinations are a response (perception) senses without stimulation from the outside (external)


Classification

Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality:

• visual,
• auditory,
• olfactory,
• gustatory,
• tactile,
• proprioceptive,
• equilibrioception,
• nociceptive,
• thermoreceptive, and
• chronoception.

Signs and symptoms

• Pulling away, avoid others.
• Easily offended.
• Smile, speak for themselves.
• Anxiety, fear, face tense.
• Talks chaotic, sometimes unreasonable.
• Suspicion and hostility.
• Self-blame / others.
• Can be self-destructive, others and the environment.
• Unable to distinguish between the real and unreal.
• Unable to focus attention / concentration.
• Difficult to make a decision.
• Fear.
• Red face sometimes pale.
• Unwilling or unable to perform self care such as bathing, brushing teeth, dressing.

Gastritis - 5 Additional Tests to Determine a Clear Cause

Gastritis - 5 Additional Tests to Determine a Clear Cause

Health   November 10, 2015

When a patient is diagnosed with gastritis, usually followed by additional tests to determine a clear cause. The tests includes:

1. Blood tests.
This test is used to check for the presence of H. pylori antibodies in the blood. A positive test indicates that the patient has been in contact with the bacteria at some time in their lives, but it does not indicate that the patient is infected. Blood tests may also be done to check for anemia, which occurs due to gastric bleeding due to gastritis.

2. Breathing tests.
This test can determine whether a patient is infected by the bacteria H. pylori or not.

3. Feces Test.
This test checks whether there is H. pylori in the feces or not. A positive result could indicate infection. Test conducted for the presence of blood in the stool. It showed bleeding in the stomach.

4. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
With this test can look for abnormalities in the upper gastrointestinal tract which may not be visible on X-rays. This test is done by inserting a small flexible hose (endoscope) through the mouth and into the esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine. Throat advance in anesthesia before the endoscope is inserted to ensure patients feel comfortable undergoing this test. If any tissue in the gastrointestinal tract looks suspicious, the doctor will remove a small sample (biopsy) of the tissue. The samples will then be taken to the laboratory for examination. This test takes approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Patients usually do not go home when the test is completed, but had to wait until the effects of anesthesia disappear, approximately one or two hours. Virtually no risk as a result of this test. Frequent complication is the discomfort of the throat from swallowing the endoscope.


5. X-rays of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
This test will look for signs of gastritis or other gastrointestinal diseases. Usually it will be asked to swallow a liquid barium X-ray done before. This liquid will coat the gastrointestinal tract and be seen more clearly when in the X-ray.

Classification and Pathophysiology of Gastritis

Classification and Pathophysiology of Gastritis

Health   November 10, 2015

Gastritis is an inflammation localized or spread on the gastric mucosa that develops when the mucosal protective mechanism is filled with bacteria or irritants. (J. Reves, 1999)

Classification of Gastritis

Gastritis by type is divided into 2 (two), namely:

1. Acute Gastritis
Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) is most often caused by recklessness diet, such as eating too much, too fast, eating food too much seasoning or infected food. Other causes include alcohol, aspirin, bile reflux and radiation therapy. Gastritis may also be the first signs of acute systemic infection. Form of more severe acute gastritis caused by strong acid or alkaline, which can cause the mucosa into gangrene or perforation.

2. Chronic Gastritis
Prolonged inflammation caused by both benign and malignant gastric ulcers, by the bacteria H. pylori. Chronic gastritis may be classified as a Type A or Type B. Type A this occurs in the gastric fundus or corpus. Type B (H. pylori) of the antrum and pylorus. May be related to H. pylori bacteria. Dietary factors such as hot beverages, seasonings, use of drugs, alcohol, smoking or reflux of intestinal contents into the stomach.


Pathophysiology of Gastritis

Foodstuffs, drinks, drugs and chemicals that go into the stomach, causing irritation or erosion of the mucosa, so that the hull loss of barrier (protective). Furthermore, an increase in back diffusion of hydrogen ions. Interference diffusion of the mucosa and increased secretion of gastric acid increase / lot. Stomach acid and digestive enzymes. Then invade the gastric mucosa and there was an inflammatory reaction. This is called gastritis. Gastric mucosal responses against most of these irritants is with mucosal regeneration, therefore, such disorders often disappears by itself.

With a constant irritation, tissue becomes inflamed and bleeding can occur.

With the introduction of substances such as acids and strong bases which are corrosive resulting in inflammation and necrosis of the wall of the stomach (corrosive gastritis). Necrosis may result in perforation of the stomach wall to the next due to bleeding and peritonitis.

Chronic gastritis may lead to a state of atrophy of the gastric glands and mucous circumstances there are patches of thickened gray or gray-green (atrophic gastritis). The loss of the gastric mucosa will ultimately result in reduced secretion of the stomach and the emergence of pernicious anemia. Atrophic gastritis may be the prelude to gastric carcinoma. Chronic gastritis may also occur simultaneously with peptic ulcer or may occur after gastroyeyunostomía action.

Nursing Diagnosis for Skin Infections related to Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses

Nursing Diagnosis for Skin Infections related to Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses

Skin Infections   November 06, 2015

Infection is the process of invasive organisms and proliferate in the body that cause disease (Potter & Perry, 2005). Meanwhile, the skin infection is a disease caused by a bacteria / germs, viruses, fungi.

Bacterial Infections (Pyoderma)

Bacterial infections of the skin can be primary or secondary. Primary skin infections originated from previous skin looks normal, and usually these infections are caused by one type of microorganisms. Secondary skin infections caused by skin disorders preexisting or due to disruption of the integrity of the skin due to injury or surgery. In both these circumstances, some types of microorganisms can be involved, such as Staphylococcus aureus or group streptokus A. Primary bacterial infection that most often the case, among others:

• Bullous impetigo. Is a superficial infection of the skin caused by Staphylococcus aureus, characterized by bullae formation of vesicles origin. The bullae rupture and leave red lesions as well as wet.
• Folliculitis. A staphylococcal infections arising in the hair follicle. Lesions can be either superficial or deep. Often seen on the chin area men who shave the beard and the limbs of women.
• Pseudofolliculitis barbae ("shaving bumps"). An inflammatory reaction in the face of curly haired man who happens because hair growth inward, piercing the skin and trigger irritating reactions.
• Furuncles (boils). Is an acute skin inflammation resulting in one or more hair follicles and spread to the surrounding dermis layer. More often occurs in areas of irritation, such as: posterior neck, axilla or gluteus.
• Carbuncles. An abscess on the skin and subcutaneous tissue depicting expansion of a furuncle that have invaded several pieces of hair follicles. Carbuncles most often found in areas where the skin is thick and inelastic.

Virus Infection

The most common infection is herpes zoster. Shingles is a viral inflammatory disorder, in which the virus causes vesicular eruptions that cause pain along the sensory nerve distribution of one or more posterior ganglion.


Mycotic Infection (Fungus)

Fungus (mushroom) which is a member of the plant world are small and eating of organic matter, is the cause of various types of skin infections which are often found, among other things:

• Tinea pedis (foot fungus / athlete's foot). Is a fungal infection that most often found. These infections often affects adolescents and young adults although can occur in any age group as well as male and female.
• Tinea corporis (body fungal disease). Affects the face, neck, trunk and extremities. At the infected part will look ring-shaped lesions, or circle typical.
• Tinea capitis (scalp fungal disease). Is a contagious fungal infection that attacks the hair shaft and causes of hair loss are often found among children.
• Tinea cruris (groin fungal disease). Is a fungal infection of the groin that extends to the inner thighs and buttocks. Most often occurs in younger runners, people who are obese and who wear underwear too tight.
• Tinea unguium (onychomycosis). Is a chronic fungal infection of the toenails or fingernails. Usually accompanied by a fungal infection that is long in the legs.

Nursing Diagnosis for Skin Infections related to Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses

1. Acute Pain related to peripheral nerve damage.
2. Hyperthermia related to the inflammatory process.
3. Impaired skin integrity related to damage to the structure of the dermis layer.
4. Disturbed body image related to the lesions and skin structure changes.
5. Anxiety related to the disease process.

Erythrasma - Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Prevention

Erythrasma - Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Prevention

Health Articles   November 06, 2015

Erythrasma

DEFINITION

Erythrasma is an infection of the top layers of the skin caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum.


CAUSE

Bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum. Erythrasma common in adults and diabetics; The most commonly found in the tropics.


SYMPTOMS

Often found in areas where skin contact with the skin, such as under the breasts and armpits, between the toes and the genital area (especially in men, where the thighs touch the scrotum). Infection causes the formation of patches of pink with irregular shapes, which will then be transformed into smooth scales brown.

In some patients, the infection spreads to the torso and anal area. Could itching that are mild.


PREVENTION

Some actions can be done to reduce the risk of Erythrasma:

• Maintain cleanliness of the body.
• Keep skin dry.
• Using clean clothes with materials that absorb sweat.
• Avoiding excessive heat or moisture.

Nursing Diagnosis for Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

Nursing Diagnosis for Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis   November 05, 2015

Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas.
There are two types of pancreatitis, acute and chronic.

Acute pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis is a serious condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed over a short period of time.

Symptoms most commonly begins with abdominal pain in the middle or upper left part of the abdomen and may increase after eating or lying flat the back.
Other symptoms :

• nausea,
• fever,
• rapid heartbeat, and
• dehydration.
• severe acute pancreatitis symptoms and signs may show skin discoloration around the belly button or the side of the body between the ribs and hip (flank), or small erythematous skin nodules.

Chronic pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis is a condition where the pancreas becomes permanently damaged due to inflammation.

Symptoms may or may not include abdominal pain that may include :

• bleeding due to anemia,
• liver problems (jaundice),
• weight loss,
• nutritional deficiencies, and
• inability to produce insulin resulting in diabetes.

Causes of acute and chronic pancreatitis are similar; about 80%-90% are caused by alcohol abuse and gallstones (about 35%-45% for each); while the remaining 10%-20% are caused by

• medications,
• chemical exposures,
• trauma,
• hereditary diseases,
• infections,
• surgical procedures, and
• high fat levels in the blood and genetic abnormalities with pancreas or intestine

Nursing Diagnosis for Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

1. Ineffective breathing pattern related to a decrease in oxygen entering the lungs.
2. Impaired tissue perfusion related to a decrease in blood supply to the tissues.
3. Fluid volume deficit related to a decrease in the amount of fluid in the intravascular.
4. Acute pain related to abdominal distention capsule.
5. Fluid volume related to the buildup of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
6. Hyperthermia related to an infection of the peritoneum and gallbladder.

Altered urinary elimination related to a decrease in urine output.
Risk for imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to nausea and vomiting.
Activity intolerance related to a decrease in the formation of energy.