Definition, Causes and Symptoms of Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections

Definition, Causes and Symptoms of Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections

Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections   November 04, 2015

Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections

DEFINITION

Non-typhoidal salmonella infections are infections caused by salmonella bacteria that do not cause typhoid fever.


CAUSES

Salmonella bacterium. There are 2200 species of Salmonella, including the type that causes typhoid fever. Every type can cause disturbances in digestion, enteric fever, and specific localized infections.

Salmonella is found in infected meat, poultry, raw milk, eggs and processed eggs. Salmonella can also be found in reptiles that are kept, deep red dye.


SYMPTOMS

Salmonella infections can cause gastrointestinal or enteric fever; sometimes the infection is only about a specific part. Some people who are infected may have no symptoms, but they act as carriers of these bacteria.

Gastrointestinal disorders usually begin to occur within 12-48 hours after infection with Salmonella bacteria. Initial symptoms are nausea and cramping abdominal pain soon followed by diarrhea, fever, and sometimes vomiting. Usually diarrhea is very watery, but sometimes can be a semi-solid stool. This disorder is usually mild and lasts 1-4 days, but can last much longer. Diagnosis is reinforced by breeding bacteria in stool samples or rectal swabs of patients.

Enteric fever occurs when Salmonella into the blood. Fever causes tremendous fatigue. Bacteria can live and multiply in the digestive tract, blood vessels, heart valves, membranes of the brain and spinal cord, lungs, joints, bones, urinary tract, muscle or other organs. Sometimes the bacteria infect the tumor, thus forming an abscess which in turn can cause blood infections.

A carrier does not show symptoms but will continue to release the bacteria in the stool. Less than 1% of patients who went on to become carriers of the bacteria for a year or more.

Definition, Causes and Symptoms of Septic Shock

Definition, Causes and Symptoms of Septic Shock

Septic Shock   November 04, 2015

Septic Shock

DEFINITIONS

Septic shock is a condition in which blood pressure drops to levels that endanger lives as a result of sepsis.

Septic shock often occur in:

• newborn baby,
• age above 50 years, and
• people with immune system disorders.

CAUSES

Septic shock caused by toxins produced by certain bacteria and due to cytokines (substances made by the immune system to fight an infection). Toxins released by the bacteria can cause tissue damage and circulatory disorders.

Risk factors for septic shock:

• Chronic diseases (diabetes, blood cancer, genital-urinary tract, liver, gall bladder, intestine).
• Infection.
• Long-term use of antibiotics.
• Medical procedures or surgery.

SYMPTOMS

Early signs of septic shock is often a decrease in mental alertness and confusion that arise within 24 hours or more before the blood pressure falls. This phenomenon is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. Outpouring of blood from the heart is indeed increased, but the blood vessels widen so blood pressure goes down. Breathing becomes fast so that the lungs secrete excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases.

Early symptoms include shivering, body temperature rises very fast, warm and reddish skin, weak pulse and blood pressure fluctuated. Decreased urine production despite increased flow of blood from the heart. In later stages, the body temperature often drops to below normal.

When the shock worsens, several organs fail:

• Kidneys: urine production is reduced.
• Lungs: respiratory distress and decreased oxygen levels in the blood.
• Heart: fluid retention and swelling.

May develop blood clots in the blood vessels.

COPD - Definition, Causes, Clinical Manifestation, Classification and Pathophysiology

COPD - Definition, Causes, Clinical Manifestation, Classification and Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology   November 02, 2015

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

DEFINITIONS

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterized by the air flow resistance in the airway that is progressive nonreversibel or partially reversible. COPD consists of chronic bronchitis and emphysema or both. Chronic bronchitis is a respiratory disorder characterized by chronic cough with phlegm at least 3 months of the year, at least two consecutive years, is not caused by other diseases. while emphysema is an anatomical abnormality characterized by a widening lung airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of the alveoli walls.


CAUSES

There are three factors that affect the incidence of COPD is cigarette, infection and pollution, but it is also associated with heredity, allergies, age and genetic predisposition, but it is not yet clear whether these factors play a role or not.

• Smoking: According to the report of the WHO expert committee on smoking control, smoking is the main cause of COPD. Physiologically cigarettes directly related to hiperflasia bronchial mucous glands and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory tract. Can also cause acute bronchoconstriction. According Crofton and Doouglas smoke cause too inhibition activity vibrating hair cells, alveolar macrophages and surfactants.
• Infections: upper respiratory tract infection in a patient with chronic bronchitis is almost always causes lower respiratory tract infection, and cause lung damage increases. Estimated exacerbation of chronic bronchitis is most often preceded by a viral infection, which then lead to secondary infection by bacteria.
• Pollution: pollution chemical substances that can also cause bronchitis is a reducing agent such as CO2, oxidising agents such as N2O, hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ozone.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

Common signs and symptoms appear in patients with COPD are as follows:

• Productive cough, initially intermittent and occurs almost every day over time.
• White or mucoid sputum, if there is an infection becomes purulent or mukopurulent, shortness of breath to use additional respiratory muscles to breathe, cough and expectoration, which tends to increase and the maximum in the morning.
• Shortness of breath after strenuous activity occurred along with the development of disease in the case of weight, shortness of breath occurs even with minimal exertion and even at rest due to the deterioration of gas exchange abnormalities.
• In the moderate-to-severe disease, physical examination may show a decrease in breath sounds, expiratory elongated, Ronchi, and hyperresonance on percussion.
• Anorexia.
• Weight loss and weakness.
• Tachycardia, sweating.
• Hypoxia.

All respiratory disease characterized by chronic obstruction of the airflow. The main cause of the obstruction assortment, for example:

• Airway inflammation.
• Mucosal adhesions.
• Narrowing of the airway lumen.
• Damage to the airway.
• Tachypnea.
• Orthopnea. (Doenges, 1999: 152)

CLASSIFICATION

Classification of COPD can be divided into three, namely:

• Bronchial asthma: a disease characterized by increased reaction response of the trachea and bronchi to various kinds of stimulation with manifestations such as difficulty in breathing caused by narrowing of the airways thorough.
• Chronic bronchitis: a clinical disorder characterized by the formation of excessive mucus in the bronchi and manifested in the form of chronic cough and sputum formed during 3 months of the year, a minimum of 2 years continuously.
• Emphysema: changes in the anatomy of the lung parenchyma characterized by widening the walls of the alveoli, alveolar ducts and alveolar wall destruction (Muttaqin, 2008).

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Inhalation of cigarette smoke or other harmful gases activates macrophages and epithelial cells to release chemotactic factors that recruit more macrophages and neutrophils. Then, macrophages and neutrophils release proteases that destroy these structural elements in the lungs. Proteases can actually be overcome by endogenous antiproteases, but the imbalance antiproteases against the dominance of protease activity that will eventually become a predisposition to the development of COPD. The formation of highly reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl free radicals have been identified as factors that contribute to the pathogenesis because these substances can increase the destruction antiproteases.

Chronic inflammation result metaplasia on the walls of the bronchial epithelium, mucous hypersecretion, increased smooth muscle mass and fibrosis. There is also the epithelial ciliary dysfunction, causing disruption clearance excessive mucus production. Clinically, this process manifests as chronic bronchitis, characterized by a chronic productive cough. In the lung parenchyma, destruction of structural elements
mediated protease causes emphysema. Alveolar septum damage leads to reduced elasticity of the recoil of the lungs and airways dynamics failure due to damage to the small airways support non-cartilage. This whole process results in a patent airway obstruction and other symptoms characteristic pathophysiological for COPD.

Obstruction of the airways produce alveoli are not ventilated or less ventilated; Continuous perfusion of the alveoli will cause hypoksemia (low PaO 2) by a mismatch between ventilation and blood flow (V / Q is not appropriate). Ventilation of the alveoli are not perfused or less pefusi increase the space of the appendix (Vd), causing inefficient disposal of CO2. Hyperventilation would normally occur to compensate for this situation, which in turn will increase the work required to overcome airway resistance has increased, in the end this process fails, and there was retention of CO2 (hypercapnia) in some patients with severe COPD.

Knowledge Deficit - Definition, Defining Characteristics and Related Factors

Knowledge Deficit - Definition, Defining Characteristics and Related Factors

Knowledge Deficit - Definition Defining Characteristics and Related Factors   November 02, 2015

Knowledge Deficit

DEFINITION: the absence or deficiency of cognitive information related to a particular topic

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS :

• Behavior hyperbole.
• Inaccuracies follow orders.
• Inaccuracies test.
• Inappropriate behavior (ie., Hysteria, hostility, agitation, apathy).
• Disclosure issues.

RELATED FACTORS :

• Cognitive limitations.
• One interpretation of information.
• Less exposure.
• Lack of interest in learning.
• Less can remember.
• Not familiar with the resources.

NOC LINKED TO NANDA

Outcomes to measure resolution of diagnosis

• Knowledge: acute illness management
• Knowledge: body mechanics
• Knowledge: bottle feeding
• Knowledge: breastfeeding
• Knowledge: conception prevention
• Knowledge: depression management
• Knowledge: diabetes management
• Knowledge: health behavior
• Knowledge: health promotion
• Knowledge: healthy diet
• Knowledge: healthy lifestyle
• Knowledge: heart failure management
• Knowledge: hypertension management
• Knowledge: pain management
• Knowledge: parenting
• Knowledge: pregnancy
• Knowledge: stress management
• Knowledge: time management
• Knowledge: stroke prevention
• Knowledge: treatment procedure
• Knowledge: weight management
• Knowledge: infant care
• Knowledge: infection management
• Knowledge: kidney disease management
• Knowledge: labor and delivery
• Knowledge: medication

Additional outcomes to measure defining characteristic

• Adherence behavior
• Adherence behavior: healthy diet
• Agitation level
• Compliance behavior
• Compliance behavior: precribed activity
• Health seeking behavior
• Motivation

Outcomes associated with related factors or intermediate outcomes

• Abstract thinking
• Cognition
• Concentration
• Delirium level
• Dementia level
• Informstion processing
• Memory
• motivation

NIC LINKED TO NANDA

Suggested nursing intervention for problem resolution

• Anticipatory guideline
• Health education
• Learning faclitation
• Teaching: disease process
• Teaching: individual
• Teaching: foot care
• Teaching: preoperative
• Teaching: sexuality
• Teaching: toilet training
• Teaching: prescribed diet

Additional optional intervention

• Allergy management
• Anxiety reduction
• Asathma management
• Behavior modification
• Counseling
• Energy management
• Infection control
• Pain management
• Support group
• Therapeutic play

Reference :

• NANDA International. 2012. Diagnosis Keperawatan: Definisi, Dan Klasifikasi 2012-2014/Editor, T. Heather Herdman; Alih Bahasa, Made Sumarwati, Dan Nike Budhi Subekti ; Editor Edisi Bahasa Indonesia, Barrah Bariid, Monica Ester, Dan Wuri Praptiani. Jakarta; EGC.
• Moorhed, (et al). 2013. Nursing Outcomes Classifications (NOC) 5th Edition. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier
• Gloria M. Bulechek, (et al).2013. Nursing Interventions Classifications (NIC) 6th Edition. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier

Nausea - Definition, Defining Characteristics and Related Factors

Nausea - Definition, Defining Characteristics and Related Factors

Nausea - Definition Defining Characteristics and Related Factors   November 02, 2015

Nausea

Definition: wavelike sensation in the back of the throat, epigastric, or abdomen that is subjective and unpleasant that may cause the urge or desire to vomit.

Defining Characteristics :

• Aversion to food
• Vomiting sensation
• Increased salivation
• Increased swallow
• Reported nausea
• Sour taste in the mouth

Related Factors :

Biophysical

• Biochemical disorders (eg., Uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis).
• Esophageal disease.
• Gastric distention.
• Stomach irritation.
• Increased intracranial pressure.
• Intra-abdominal tumor.
• Labyrinthitis.
• Stretching the liver capsule.
• The tumor is localized (ie., An acoustic neuroma, a primary or secondary brain tumors, metastatic bone at the base of the skull).
• Meniere's disease.
• Meningitis.
• Motion sickness.
• Pain.
• Pancreatic disease.
• Pregnancy.
• Stretching capsule spleen.
• Toxins (ie., A peptide produced by a tumor, abnormal metabolites due to cancer).

Situational

• Anxiety.
• Fear.
• Unpleasant odors.
• The taste of food / drink was not tasty on the tongue.
• Pain.
• Psychological factors.
• Stimulation unpleasant sight.

Therapy

• Gastric distention.
• Environmental irritants.
• Pharmaceutical (medicinal herb).

Reference :

• NANDA International. 2012. Diagnosis Keperawatan: Definisi, Dan Klasifikasi 2012-2014/Editor, T. Heather Herdman; Alih Bahasa, Made Sumarwati, Dan Nike Budhi Subekti ; Editor Edisi Bahasa Indonesia, Barrah Bariid, Monica Ester, Dan Wuri Praptiani. Jakarta; EGC.
• Moorhed, (et al). 2013. Nursing Outcomes Classifications (NOC) 5th Edition. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier
• Gloria M. Bulechek, (et al).2013. Nursing Interventions Classifications (NIC) 6th Edition. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier

How to Choose the Right Natural Treatment Mask

How to Choose the Right Natural Treatment Mask

Lifestyle   October 13, 2015

White facial skin has become a dream every person, whether it's women or men. Many people are willing to do anything to get a smooth white face. There were go to a doctor with a big cost, there is also wearing facial bleach, there is injected and much more. But nothing last long, that there is even damage the skin. Better try a natural material that you can create and process their own.

With traditional ingredients guaranteed to make more effective and economical. But before making the traditional ingredients, you first need to know your skin type. So you can make maximum skin care.

Types of Skin

1. Normal Skin

Normal skin generally has a degree of dryness and humidity standards. So that normal skin is usually very rarely got into trouble on the skin. So that when the process whiten the skin, normal skin tends to be easier. The skin looks a bit dry, but not too dry, but it is also the skin look smoother.

2. Oily Skin

Oily skin has the characteristics of a shiny face. The skin produces more oil. So sometimes it is very difficult for oily skin wearing makeup, because it will be easier to fade. However, the skin will tend to be more youthful because humidity is maintained. Although with difficulty a lot of dirt and may clog pores causing acne. Well then of the people who have oily skin are at high risk of acne. So wash your face frequently, especially after traveling and wearing makeup.

3. Dry Skin

For dry skin is recommended to always use a moisturizer to keep skin smooth and moist, so the skin is maintained and away from wrinkles. This skin tends to look dry even face sometimes looks flaky.


Which Must be Considered

• For dry skin should never or too frequently wash your face with warm water because it will make the skin more dry. But for oily skin it is recommended to use warm water.
• For dry skin are preferred to wear a mask least once a week use milk cleanser and toner as well, but for oily skin should not.

Choosing the Right Natural Treatment Mask

• Normal skin: For normal skin is not too problematic, you want to use any natural mask. Provided that thereafter washed and cleaned. But should wear cucumbers, carrots, potatoes etc.
• Oily Skin: For oily skin is highly recommended to make a natural mask of pineapple or lime. Other materials that can be used is egg white, egg yolk and honey.
• Dry skin: For dry skin you can make a mask of avucado, yam, bananas and other fruits. Moreover mask that contains flour is also very good.

Do You Know The Common Symptoms of Sinusitis ?

Do You Know The Common Symptoms of Sinusitis ?

Sinusitis   October 12, 2015

If you are having difficulty breathing, nasal congestion, pain in the eye or forehead, face like feel full, even on your teeth ache. You'd better be careful. You can be exposed to sinusitis. Those are some common symptoms of sinusitis. Do you know what exactly is sinusitis?

Sinusitis can be described as an inflammation of the sinus area. Sinus itself an air space that is located in the area of the face and connect directly with your nose.

Well, due to the inflammation of the sinus area are stockpiling the lenders in the sinus area. This resulted in the growth of bacteria. Well, but to diagnose sinusitis a person is infected with is not easy.

This is due to sinusitis symptoms similar to flu symptoms. A child whose flu for more than ten days is suspect that the child has been exposed to sinusitis.

Well, that's why on this occasion will discuss these concerns sinusitis symptoms. And expected you able to cope.

1. Nose colds
At first the disease begins with cold sinusitis. It is caused by inflammation triggered by colds, irritation or allergy attack that is common in sinusitis.

2. Pressure around the teeth and face
Basically sinusitis patients who are already infected will experience symptoms much. Usually a patient will experience nasal congestion even sick or feel excessive pressure in the area around the teeth and face. Excessive pressure on the teeth and facial area is a major sign that signifies that a person infected sinusitis. The pressure caused by the already inflamed tissue in the wall of nerve endings in your sinuses.

If you feel pain in the forehead area or even hurt your head then this is caused by frontal sinusitis which is located in the upper area of the forehead or eyes. If you feel pain in the cheek area and then spread to an area of the upper teeth, then this is caused by maxillary sinusitis located in both your cheekbones.

However, if you feel pain in your eye area, then this is caused by ethmoid sinusitis that lies between your eyes. Whereas if the pain in the crown of the head, behind the eyes or even along your neck, then this is a result of the sphenoid sinusitis which is located below the brain and behind your nose.

3. Nasal mucus
Symptoms of sinusitis worse still is the patient's nose will discharge that is green, yellow, or clear it. Other symptoms experienced by the patient is feeling excessive fatigue.

4. Decreased sense of smell and taste
In addition to the symptoms of sinusitis above, there are also symptoms of a reduction in your sense of smell. Due to the swelling of the lining of the nose will inhibit many kinds of smells that you can breathe.

So make your olfactory receptors will gradually experience a reduction. It turns out in addition to the reduction of sense of smell, your taste buds power will also decrease.

5. Cough and breath odor
Other common symptoms of sinusitis are experienced by patients is that bad breath and coughing. Bad breath caused by mucus that had been infected. This mucus containing bacteria so that if the exit going to stink.

If cough, this occurs because the mucus that can touch your vocal cords so will cause you to cough. Some symptoms of sinusitis should be considered because of the help that is ignored or overlooked (untreated), will make the germ of a sinusitis infection spread to the bone around the affected sinus cavity, eye, receptor (brain), and even the lungs.