Gastritis - 5 Additional Tests to Determine a Clear Cause

Gastritis - 5 Additional Tests to Determine a Clear Cause

Health   November 10, 2015

When a patient is diagnosed with gastritis, usually followed by additional tests to determine a clear cause. The tests includes:

1. Blood tests.
This test is used to check for the presence of H. pylori antibodies in the blood. A positive test indicates that the patient has been in contact with the bacteria at some time in their lives, but it does not indicate that the patient is infected. Blood tests may also be done to check for anemia, which occurs due to gastric bleeding due to gastritis.

2. Breathing tests.
This test can determine whether a patient is infected by the bacteria H. pylori or not.

3. Feces Test.
This test checks whether there is H. pylori in the feces or not. A positive result could indicate infection. Test conducted for the presence of blood in the stool. It showed bleeding in the stomach.

4. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
With this test can look for abnormalities in the upper gastrointestinal tract which may not be visible on X-rays. This test is done by inserting a small flexible hose (endoscope) through the mouth and into the esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine. Throat advance in anesthesia before the endoscope is inserted to ensure patients feel comfortable undergoing this test. If any tissue in the gastrointestinal tract looks suspicious, the doctor will remove a small sample (biopsy) of the tissue. The samples will then be taken to the laboratory for examination. This test takes approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Patients usually do not go home when the test is completed, but had to wait until the effects of anesthesia disappear, approximately one or two hours. Virtually no risk as a result of this test. Frequent complication is the discomfort of the throat from swallowing the endoscope.


5. X-rays of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
This test will look for signs of gastritis or other gastrointestinal diseases. Usually it will be asked to swallow a liquid barium X-ray done before. This liquid will coat the gastrointestinal tract and be seen more clearly when in the X-ray.

Classification and Pathophysiology of Gastritis

Classification and Pathophysiology of Gastritis

Health   November 10, 2015

Gastritis is an inflammation localized or spread on the gastric mucosa that develops when the mucosal protective mechanism is filled with bacteria or irritants. (J. Reves, 1999)

Classification of Gastritis

Gastritis by type is divided into 2 (two), namely:

1. Acute Gastritis
Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) is most often caused by recklessness diet, such as eating too much, too fast, eating food too much seasoning or infected food. Other causes include alcohol, aspirin, bile reflux and radiation therapy. Gastritis may also be the first signs of acute systemic infection. Form of more severe acute gastritis caused by strong acid or alkaline, which can cause the mucosa into gangrene or perforation.

2. Chronic Gastritis
Prolonged inflammation caused by both benign and malignant gastric ulcers, by the bacteria H. pylori. Chronic gastritis may be classified as a Type A or Type B. Type A this occurs in the gastric fundus or corpus. Type B (H. pylori) of the antrum and pylorus. May be related to H. pylori bacteria. Dietary factors such as hot beverages, seasonings, use of drugs, alcohol, smoking or reflux of intestinal contents into the stomach.


Pathophysiology of Gastritis

Foodstuffs, drinks, drugs and chemicals that go into the stomach, causing irritation or erosion of the mucosa, so that the hull loss of barrier (protective). Furthermore, an increase in back diffusion of hydrogen ions. Interference diffusion of the mucosa and increased secretion of gastric acid increase / lot. Stomach acid and digestive enzymes. Then invade the gastric mucosa and there was an inflammatory reaction. This is called gastritis. Gastric mucosal responses against most of these irritants is with mucosal regeneration, therefore, such disorders often disappears by itself.

With a constant irritation, tissue becomes inflamed and bleeding can occur.

With the introduction of substances such as acids and strong bases which are corrosive resulting in inflammation and necrosis of the wall of the stomach (corrosive gastritis). Necrosis may result in perforation of the stomach wall to the next due to bleeding and peritonitis.

Chronic gastritis may lead to a state of atrophy of the gastric glands and mucous circumstances there are patches of thickened gray or gray-green (atrophic gastritis). The loss of the gastric mucosa will ultimately result in reduced secretion of the stomach and the emergence of pernicious anemia. Atrophic gastritis may be the prelude to gastric carcinoma. Chronic gastritis may also occur simultaneously with peptic ulcer or may occur after gastroyeyunostomía action.

Causes and Common Symptoms of Gastritis in Children

Causes and Common Symptoms of Gastritis in Children

Pediatric Nursing   October 01, 2015

Gastritis is an erosion in the lining of the stomach, where this process can occur suddenly, called acute gastritis or slow and takes a long time (chronic gastritis). In addition to erosion of the stomach lining, inflammation or irritation can also cause gastritis.

Gastritis can strike from children to adults, where if it is not in the intensive treatment, it can cause a variety of diseases of the stomach.

Many things can cause gastritis, one of the main factors is an infection of the microorganism Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori). Rising back bile into the digestive system can also cause gastritis. Or patients 'Pernicious anemia' in which a person can not digest vitamin B12 can also trigger gastritis.

Another cause could be a precipitating factor gastritis are undergoing treatment for a long time such as cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or people with HIV-AIDS.


Here are the common symptoms of gastritis in children:

• Stomach feels uncomfortable.
• Pain in the abdomen either before or after meals.
• Flavor full or satiated.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Indigestion after eating food.
• Loss of appetite.
• Insomnia.
• Uninterrupted night's sleep suddenly, due to abdominal pain.
• Diarrhea.
• Frequent hiccups.
• Feces when defecation is black.

Nursing Care Plan for Elderly with (Acute / Chronic) Gastritis

Nursing Care Plan for Elderly with (Acute / Chronic) Gastritis

Nursing Care Plan   September 21, 2013

Gastritis is a common disease in the community, but once the disease is often underestimated and overlooked by the sufferer. In fact, gastritis disease can not be underestimated. Gastritis is a digestive disease of the stomach are caused by excessive stomach acid production. This resulted imflamasi or inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Sufferers feel will feel sore stomach and heartburn in the area around the solar plexus. If this is allowed and ignored protracted it will lead to erosion of the gastric mucosa. In some cases, gastritis can lead to ulcers in the stomach and an increase in stomach cancer.

Gastritis (dyspepsia / heartburn) is a disease caused by excess stomach acid or stomach acid resulting in increased inflammation of the gastric mucosa such as cut, or pain in the gut. Symptoms occurred, ie, the stomach was sore and heartburn. Mechanisms of gastric damage caused by an imbalance of digestive factors such as gastric acid and pepsin to the production of mucus bicarbonate blood flow.

There are two types of gastritis are:

Acute Gastritis

Acute Gatritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) is most often caused by faulty diet, eg. eating too much, too fast, eating too much food seasoning, or infected food. Other causes include alcohol, aspirin, bile reflux or radiation therapy. Gastritis can also be the first sign of acute systemic infection. Form a more severe acute gastritis caused by strong acid or alkali which can lead to gangrene or perforation of the mucosa.

Chronic Gastritis

Prolonged gastric inflammation caused by benign and malignant gastric ulcers or bacteria Helicobacter pylori. These bacteria colonize the place with the concentrated gastric acid. Chronic gastritis is classified as type A or type B. Type A disease associated with autoimunmis, pernicious anemia. Type A occurs in gastric fundus or corpus. Type B (H. pylori) on the antrum and pylorus. Associated with H. pylori. dietary factors like-iminum heat, seasoning, use of drugs, alcohol, smoking, or refluksisi intestine into the stomach.


Etiology

• Gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
• Acute erosive gastritis: irritants that can heal itself caused by irritants (eg, NSAIDs, alcohol), severe physiological stress (eg, major surgery, burns, ventilator), or local trauma (eg NG tube).
• A type of chronic gastritis: inflammation of the proximal stomach as a result of pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis, aclorhidria, autoimmune disorders, or radiation.
• Type B chronic gastritis: inflammation of the distal stomach or antrum as a result of Helicobacter pylori infection.
• Reflux gastritis: inflammation as a result of the bile and pancreatic lymph in the secondary hull as a result there is no pyloric or pyloric are nonfunctional (eg after partial gastrectomy).
• Hemorrhagic gastritis: gastritis with significant inflammation as a reaction to severe stress (eg ICU patients, hypoxia, ischemia, uremia).

Clinical Manifestations

• Epigastric pain or burning in bad taste that gain weight by eating.
• Dyspepsia
• Anorexia
• Nausea / vomiting
• Bleeding can occur resulting in hematemesis, melena.

Acute Gastritis

• Superficial ulceration may occur and lead to hemorrhage.
• Discomfort in the abdomen with headache, lethargy, nausea, and anorexia. Possible vomiting and hiccups.
• Some patients showed asymptomatic.
• Colic and diarrhea can occur if foods that irritate not vomited but instead reaches the intestine.
• Patients usually recover about a day, although the appetite may be lost for 2 to 3 days.

Chronic Gastritis

• Gastritis type A: essentially asymptomatic except for the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency.
• Gastritis type B: patients complain of anorexia, heartburn after eating, belching, a sour taste in the mouth or nausea and vomiting.

Treatment

Treatment of gastritis in general is to eliminate the main factor etiology, gastric diet with small portions and often, as well as drugs. However, the specifics can be distinguished as follows:

Acute Gastritis

1. Reduce drinking alcohol and eating regular and healthy until the symptoms disappear; transformed into a diet that does not irritate.
2. If symptoms persist, IV fluids may be required.
3. If gastritis caused by ingesting strong acidic or alkaline, dilute and neutralize the acid with common antacids, such as aluminum hydroxide, H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, anticholinergics and sucralfate.
4. If gastritis caused by ingesting a strong base, use citrus juice or vinegar diluted in dilute.
5. If severe corrosion, avoid emetic and rinse the stomach because of the danger of perforation.
6. Antacids: Antacids are drugs that can be liquid or tablet form and is a common drug used to treat mild gastritis. Antacids neutralize stomach acid and can relieve pain caused by stomach acid quickly.
7. Acid inhibitors: When antacids are no longer able to cope with the pain, the doctor may recommend medications.

Chronic Gastritis

1. Diet modification, stress reduction, and pharmacotherapy.
2. Cytoprotective agents: Drugs of this class helps to protect the tissues that line the stomach and small intestine.
3. Proton pump inhibitors: A more effective way to reduce stomach acid is to close the "pumps" within acid-producing cells of the stomach acid. Proton pump inhibitors reduce acid by covering the work of the "pumps" it.
4. H. pylori may be treated with antibiotics. There are several regimens in overcoming the infection of H. pylori. The most commonly used is a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. Sometimes also added bismuth subsalycilate. Antibiotics used to kill bacteria, proton pump inhibitor works to relieve pain, nausea, heals inflammation and improve the effectiveness of antibiotics. Treatment of infection of H. pylori is not always successful, the speed to kill H. pylori is extremely diverse, depending on the regimen used. However, a combination of three drugs seem more effective than a combination of two drugs. Therapy in the long term (for 2 weeks of therapy compared with 10 days) also seem to increase effectiveness. To ensure H. pylori is gone, it can be re-examined after the treatment carried out. Respiratory examination and stool examination were two types of checks are often used to ensure the absence of H. pylori. Blood tests will show positive results for several months or even more despite the fact that the bacteria is gone.